There were many ways to die in the concentration camps built in Hitler’s Third Reich to punish political prisoners of all sorts. Just as not every Jew deported to an extermination camp died from poison gas, not every political prisoner died of malnutrition and exposure, although that grim end awaited them all.

Only a tiny handful of the millions of prisoners under Nazi control had anything to do with Dutch-Paris. But they died in various ways.

In November 1944 a 42 year-old man who was arrested under a false name died when the Allies bombed the factory that he was working in as a prisoner in a sub-camp of Neuengamme.

In January 1945 the landlady of the Dutch-Paris safe house in Brussels was gassed to death at Ravensbrück.

In February 1945 a 55 year-old woman who owned a small shop in Annecy, near the Franco-Swiss border died of internal injuries after being beaten by an SS guard at Ravensbrück.

In late 1944 a paramilitary collaborator who was deported to the concentration camps because he allowed two Dutch-Paris resisters to escape from prison in Toulouse was recognized as a collaborator by his fellow inmates, sentenced by a kangaroo court and hanged.

In most cases, the records say only that a prisoner died on a particular date in a particular camp. Occasionally the family was able to find survivors who could describe their loved one’s passing or give some clue such as that his cellmate died to diphtheria.

All we can say for sure is that someone died. It may well have been from starvation and exposure, but there were many, many ways to perish in a concentration camp, all of them miserable.